How to write

[,] Comma: (1) Use a comma to separate a main clause from an introductory clause. (Because the course was difficult, the student sought the help of a tutor.)

(2) Use a comma to separate the reader’s name or other words that interrupt the main clause. (Itis my understanding, Mr. Hopkins, that the position will be available in June.)

(3) Use a comma to separate items in a series. (The marketing plan included the price, product identification, and delivery method.)

(4) Use a comma after the first clause and before a conjunction when writing a compound sentence. (The trip was long, but we arrived safely.)

[;] Semicolon: (1) Use a semicolon to join two closely related independent clauses. (We’ll do our best to fill your order promptly; however, we cannot guarantee a delivery date.)

(2) Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when the items contain commas. (The final choices for the new plant are

[:]

(1) Use a colon to separate a main clause and a list which explains the last element in the clause. (We will require these items: nuts, bolts, washers, and screws.) (2) Use a colon to join two independent clauses wehn the second clause clarifies the first clause. (It’s easy to get a good grade in this course: do well in your homework, quizzes and assignments.)

[’] Apostrophe:(1) Use an apostrophe in a contraction to indicate missing letters. (We’ll be leaving in about one hour.)

(2) Use an apostrophe to indicate possession. (This year’s sales were higher than last year’s.)